Multi-channel digital transceiver and method

ABSTRACT

A multi-channel digital transceiver (400) receives uplink radio frequency signals and converts these signals to digital intermediate frequency signals. Digital signal processing, including a digital converter module (426), is employed to select digital intermediate frequency signals received at a plurality of antennas (412) and to convert these signals to baseband signals. The baseband signals are processed to recover a communication channel therefrom. Downlink baseband signals are also processed and digital signal processing within the digital converter module (426) up converters and modulates the downlink baseband signals to digital intermediate frequency signals. The digital intermediate frequency signals are converted to analog radio frequency signals, amplified and radiated from transmit antennas (420).

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/552,177, filed Nov. 2,1995 and now abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 08/366,283,filed Dec. 29, 1994, and now U.S. Pat. No. 5,579,341.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is related to commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No.5,323,391 to R. Mark Harrison, U.S. Pat. No. 5,396,489 to R. MarkHarrison, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,406,629 to R. Mark Harrison thedisclosures of which are hereby expressly incorporated herein byreference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to communication systems, and moreparticularly, to multi-channel digital transmitters, receivers andtransceivers for use in communication systems.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Transmitters and receivers for communication systems generally aredesigned such that they are tuned to transmit and receive one of amultiplicity of signals having widely varying bandwidths and which mayfall within a particular frequency range. It will be appreciated bythose skilled in the art that these transmitters and receivers radiateor intercept, respectively, electromagnetic radiation within a desiredfrequency band. The electromagnetic radiation can be output from orinput to the transmitter or receiver, respectively, by several types ofdevices including an antenna, a wave guide, a coaxial cable and anoptical fiber.

These communication system transmitters and receivers may be capable oftransmitting and receiving a multiplicity of signals; however, suchtransmitters and receivers generally utilize circuitry which isduplicated for each respective signal to be transmitted or receivedwhich has a different frequency or bandwidth. This circuitry duplicationis not an optimal multi-channel communication unit design architecture,because of the added cost and complexity associated with buildingcomplete independent transmitters and/or receivers for eachcommunication channel.

An alternative transmitter and receiver architecture is possible whichwould be capable of transmitting and receiving signals having a desiredmulti-channel wide bandwidth. This alternative transmitter and receivermay utilize a digitizer (e.g., an analog-to-digital converter) whichoperates at a sufficiently high sampling rate to ensure that the signalof the desired bandwidth can be digitized in accordance with the Nyquistcriteria (e.g., digitizing at a sampling rate equal to at least twicethe bandwidth to be digitized). Subsequently, the digitized signalpreferably is pre- or post- processed using digital signal processingtechniques to differentiate between the multiple channels within thedigitized bandwidth.

With reference to FIG. 1, a prior wideband transceiver 100 is shown.Radio frequency (RF) signals are received at antenna 102 processedthrough RF converter 104 and digitized by analog-to-digital converter106. The digitized signals are processed through a discrete fouriertransform (DFT) 108, a channel processor 110 and from the channelprocessors 110 to a cellular network and a public switched telephonenetwork (PSTN). In a transmit mode, signals received from the cellularnetwork are processed through channel processors 110, inverse discretefourier transform (IDFT) 114 and digital-to-analog converter 116. Analogsignals from the digital-to-analog converter 116 are then up convertedin RF up converter 118 and radiated from antenna 120.

A disadvantage of this alternative type of communication unit is thatthe digital processing portion of the communication unit must have asufficiently high sampling rate to ensure that the Nyquist criteria ismet for the maximum bandwidth of the received electromagnetic radiationwhich is equal to the sum of the individual communication channels whichform the composite received electromagnetic radiation bandwidth. If thecomposite bandwidth signal is sufficiently wide, the digital processingportion of the communication unit may be very costly and may consume aconsiderable amount of power. Additionally, the channels produced by aDFT or IDFT filtering technique must typically be adjacent to eachother.

A need exists for a transmitter and a receiver, like the one which isdescribed above, which is capable of transmitting and receiving amultiplicity of signals within corresponding channels with the sametransmitter or receiver circuitry. However, this transmitter andreceiver circuitry preferably should reduce communication unit designconstraints associated with the above transceiver architecture. If sucha transmitter and receiver architecture could be developed, then itwould be ideally suited for cellular radiotelephone communicationsystems. Cellular base stations typically need to transmit and receivemultiple channels within a wide frequency bandwidth (e.g., 824 megahertzto 894 megahertz). In addition, commercial pressures on cellularinfrastructure and subscriber equipment manufacturers are promptingthese manufacturers to find ways to reduce the cost of communicationunits. Similarly, such a multi-channel transmitter and receiverarchitecture would be well suited for personal communication systems(PCS) which will have smaller service regions (than their counterpartcellular service regions) for each base station and as such acorresponding larger number of base stations will be required to cover agiven geographic region. Operators which purchase base stations ideallywould like to have a less complex and reduced cost unit to installthroughout their licensed service regions.

An additional advantage may be gained by cellular and PCS manufacturersas the result of designing multi-channel communication units which sharethe same analog signal processing portion. Traditional communicationunits are designed to operate under a single information signal codingand channelization standard. In contrast, these multi-channelcommunication units include a digital signal processing portion which-may be reprogrammed, at will, through software during the manufacturingprocess or in the field after installation such that these multi-channelcommunication units may operate in accordance with any one of severalinformation signal coding and channelization standards.

The many advantages and features of the present invention will beappreciated from the following detailed description of several preferredembodiments of the invention with reference to the attached drawings inwhich:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a prior art multi-channel transceiver;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram representation of a multi-channel receiver inaccordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram representation of a multi-channel transmitterin accordance with preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram representation of a multi-channel transceiverin accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram representation of the multi-channel receivershown in FIG. 2 and modified to provide per-channel scanning inaccordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram representation of a multi-channel transceiverin accordance with another preferred embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram representation of a multi-channel transceiverin accordance with another preferred embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram representation of data routing in amulti-channel transceiver in accordance with a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram representation of data routing in amulti-channel transceiver in accordance with another preferredembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a block diagram representation of data routing in amulti-channel transceiver in accordance with another preferredembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a block diagram representation of a digital converter modulefor the multi-channel transceiver of FIG. 4 and further in accordancewith a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a block diagram representation of a preferred embodiment of adigital down converter in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a block diagram representation of a preferred embodiment of adigital up converter in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 14 is a block diagram representation of an up converter adaptableto the digital up converter of the present invention;

FIG. 15 is a block diagram representation of a modulator adaptable tothe digital up converter of the present invention;

FIG. 16 is a block diagram representation of a preferred embodiment upconverter/modulator for the digital up converter of the presentinvention;

FIG. 17 is a block diagram representation of a preferred embodiment of achannel processor card in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 18 is a block diagram representation of another preferredembodiment of a channel processor card in accordance with the presentinvention; and

FIG. 19 is a flowchart illustrating a scan procedure in accordance witha preferred embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

The present invention is directed to a wideband multi-channeltransmitter and receiver (transceiver) which incorporates a high degreeof flexibility and redundancy and which is particularly adaptable to thecellular or PCS communication systems. The transceiver provides supportfor multiple antennas for either sectorized cellular operation,diversity reception, redundancy or as preferred, a combination of all ofthese features with enhanced user capacity at reduced cost. Thetransceiver of the present invention accomplishes these and many otherfeatures through a practical architecture which enhances performancethrough incorporation of substantial digital processing and dynamicequipment sharing (DES).

With reference to FIG. 4, a transceiver 400 according to a preferredembodiment of the present invention is shown. For ease of discussion,preferred embodiments of wideband multi-channel digital receiver andtransmitter portions, 200 and 301, respectively, of transceiver 400 arediscussed. Furthermore, to present a preferred implementation of thepresent invention, a transceiver operable in the cellular radiofrequency (RF) band is presented. It should be understood, however, thatthe present invention may be easily adapted to service any RFcommunication band including, for example, the PCS and the like bands.

With reference then to FIG. 2, a wideband multi-channel digital receiverportion (receiver) 200 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of thepresent invention is shown. The receiver 200 includes a plurality ofantennas 202 (individually antennas 1,3, . . . , n-1) which are coupled,respectively, to a plurality of radio-frequency mixers 204 forconverting RF signals received at antennas 202 to intermediate frequency(IF) signals. It should be appreciated that the mixers 204 contain theappropriate signal processing elements at least including filters,amplifiers, and oscillators for pre-conditioning the received RFsignals, isolating the particular RF band of interest and mixing the RFsignals to the desired IF signals.

The IF signals are then communicated to a plurality of analog-to-digitalconverters (ADCs) 210 where the entire band of interest is digitized.One past disadvantage of prior wideband receivers was the requirementthat the ADC, to completely and accurately digitize the entire band,operate at a very high sampling rate. For example, the cellular A and Bbands occupy 25 megahertz (MHz) of RF spectrum. In accordance with thewell known Nyquist criteria, to accurately digitize the entire cellularbands with a single ADC would require a device capable of operating at asampling rate of more than 50 MHz (or 50 million samples per second, 50Ms/s). Such devices are becoming more common and it is contemplatedwithin the scope of the present invention to utilize the latest ADCtechnology. However, commonly assigned United States Patent Applicationsfiled of even date herewith and entitled "Split Frequency Band SignalDigitizer and Method" by Smith et al. and "Wideband Frequency SignalDigitizer and Method" by Elder, the disclosures of which are herebyexpressly incorporated herein by reference, disclose devices and methodsfor completely and accurately digitizing a wideband frequency signalusing ADCs operating at lower sampling rates. The ADCs 210 digitize theIF signals thereby producing digital signals. These digital signals arethen communicated to digital down converters (DDCs) 214.

The DDC 214 of the preferred embodiment, seen more clearly in FIG. 12,includes a switch 1216 which allows DDC 214 to select IF signals fromany one of the plurality of antennas 202. Based on the state of switch1216, the DDC 214 accepts a high speed stream of digital words (e.g.approximately 60 MHz) from the ADC 210 associated with the selectedantenna, in the preferred embodiment via a backplane interconnect 1108,FIG. 11. The DDC 214 is operable to select a particular frequency (inthe digital domain), to provide decimation (rate reduction) and tofilter the signal to a bandwidth associated with channels of thecommunication system. With particular reference to FIG. 12, each DDC 214contains a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) 1218 and a complexmultiplier 1220 to perform a down conversion on the digital word stream.Note, this is a second down conversion since a first down conversion wasperformed on the received analog signal by mixers 204. The result of thedown conversion and complex multiplication is a data stream inquadrature, i.e., having in-phase, I, and quadrature, Q, components,which has been spectrally translated to a center frequency of zero hertz(baseband or zero IF). The I,Q components of the data stream arecommunicated to a pair of decimation filters 1222, respectively toreduce the bandwidth and the data rate to a suitable rate for theparticular communication system air interface (common air interface orCAI) being processed. In the preferred embodiment, the data rate outputof the decimation filters is about 2.5 times the desired bandwidth ofthe CAI. It should be understood that the desired bandwidth may changethe preferred decimation filters 1222 output rate. The decimated datastream is then low pass filtered to remove any undesirable aliascomponents through digital filters 1224. Decimation filters 1222 anddigital filters 1224 provide rough selectivity, final selectivity isaccomplished within the channel processors 228 in a known manner.

Observed in FIG. 2, a plurality of DDCs 214 are provided in thepreferred embodiment and each are interconnected to ADCs 210. Each ofthe DDCs 214 can select one of the plurality of ADCs 210/antennas 202from which to receive a high speed digital word stream via backplane1106. The outputs of the DDCs 214, a low speed data stream (e.g.approximately 10 MHz, baseband signal), are connected to a time domainmultiplex (TDM) bus 226 for communication to a plurality of channelprocessors 228 via output formatter 1232. By placing the outputs of theDDCs on TDM bus 226, it is possible to have any one of the channelprocessors 228 select any one of the DDCs 214 for receiving a basebandsignal. In the event of a failure of a channel processor 228 or a DDC214, the channel processors 228 would be operable, via the control bus224 and control bus interface 1234, to interconnect available channelprocessors to available DDCs with appropriate contention/arbitrationprocessing to prevent two channel processors from attempting to accessthe same DDC. In the preferred embodiment, however, the DDCs 214 areallocated a dedicated time slot on TDM bus 226 for interconnection to aparticular channel processor 228.

The channel processors 228 are operable to send control signals via thecontrol bus 224 to the DDCs 214 for setting digital word streamprocessing parameters. That is, the channel processors 228 can instructthe DDCs 214 to select a down conversion frequency, a decimation rateand filter characteristics (e.g., bandwidth shape, etc.) for processingthe digital data streams. It is understood that the NCO 1218, complexmultiplier 1220, decimator 1222 and digital filter 1224 are responsiveto numerical control to modify the signal processing parameters. Thisallows receiver 200 to receive communication signals conforming to anumber of different air interface standards.

With continued reference to FIG. 2, the receiver of the presentinvention further provides a plurality of receiver banks (two shown andillustrated as 230 and 230'). Each of the receiver banks 230 and 230'include the elements described above prior to TDM bus 226 for receivingand processing a radio frequency signal. In order to provide diversityreception with the present invention, a pair of adjacent antennas, onefrom antennas 202 and one from antennas 202' (individually referenced as2,4, . . . , n), each associated with receiver banks 230 and 230',respectively, are designated to service a sector of the communicationsystem. The signals received at each antenna 202 and 202' are processedindependently through receiver banks 230 and 230', respectively. Theoutputs of the receiver banks 230 and 230' are communicated respectivelyon TDM buses 226 and 226', although it is understood that a single busmay be used, to the channel processors 228, wherein the diversityreception is accomplished.

The channel processors 228 receive the baseband signals and perform therequired baseband signal processing, selectivity to recovercommunication channels. This processing at least includes audiofiltering in analog CAI communication systems, forward error correctionin digital CAI communication systems, and receive signal strengthindication (RSSI) in all communication systems. Each channel processor228 recovers traffic channels independently. Furthermore, to providediversity, each channel processor 228 is operable to listen to each ofthe pair of antennas assigned to a sector and to thereby receive andprocess two baseband signals, one per antenna. The channel processors228 are further provided an interface 436, FIG. 4, to the communicationnetwork, for example in a cellular communication system to a basestation controller or mobile switching center, via a suitableinterconnect

With reference to FIG. 17 a preferred embodiment of a channel processor228 is shown. As will be described, each of the channel processors isoperable for both transmit and receive operations. In the preferredembodiment, each channel processor 228 is capable of servicing up to 8communication channels of the communication system in both transmit andreceive (4 channels in receive mode with diversity). The low speedbaseband signal from TDM buses 226 or 226' are received respectively atinput/output (I/O) ports 1740 and 1740' and are communicated to a pairof processors 1742 and 1742'. Associated with each processor 1742 and1742', are digital signal processors (DSPs) 1744 and 1744' and memory1746 and 1746'. Each processor 1742 and 1742' is operable to servicefour (4) communication channels. As can be seen in FIG. 17, in apreferred embodiment, the processors 1742 and 1742' are configured tolisten to either one, or both as is required in the preferred diversityarrangement, of the receiver banks 230 or 230'. This structure, whilealso enabling diversity, provides redundancy. In the receive mode if oneof the processors 1742 or 1742' fails, only diversity is lost as theother processor 1742 or 1742' is still available to process the uplinkbaseband signals from the other receiver bank. It should be appreciatedthat processors 1742 and 1742' can be implemented with appropriatediversity selection or diversity combining processing capability.Processors 1742 and 1742' are further in communication with controlelements 1748 and 1748', respectively, for processing and communicatingcontrol information to the DDCs 214 via I/O ports 1740 and 1740' and thecontrol bus 224 as described.

With continued reference to FIG. 17 and reference to FIG. 3, thetransmitter portion 301 (transmitter) of transceiver 400 will bedescribed. In a transmit mode, the channel processors 228 receivedownlink communication signals from the communication system network(via interface 436 not shown in FIG. 17) for communication over acommunication channel. These downlink signals can be, for example,control or signaling information intended for the entire cell (e.g., apage message) or a particular sector of a cell (e.g., a handoff command)or downlink voice and/or data (e.g., a traffic channel). Within channelprocessors 228, processors 1742 and 1742' independently operate on thedownlink signals to generate low speed baseband signals. In transmitmode, the channel processors 228 are capable of servicing eight (8)communication channels (either traffic channels, signaling channels or acombination thereof). If one of the processors 1742 or 1742' fails, theeffect on the system is a loss of capacity, but not a loss of an entiresector or cell. Moreover, removing one of the plurality of channelprocessors 228 from the communication system results in the loss of onlyeight channels.

The processing of the baseband signals through the transmitter 301 iscomplementary to the processing completed in the receiver 200. The lowspeed baseband signals are communicated from the channel processors 228via I/O ports 1740 or 1740' to TDM downlink busses 300 and 300',although a single bus may be used, and from there to a plurality ofdigital up converters (DUCs) 302. The DUCs 302 interpolate the basebandsignals to a suitable data rate. The interpolation is required so thatall baseband signals from the channel processors 228 are at the samerate allowing for summing the baseband signals at a central location.The interpolated baseband signals are then up converted to anappropriate IF signal such as quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK)differential quadrature phase shift keying (DQPSK), frequency modulation(FM) or amplitude modulation (AM) signals (with I,Q input, themodulation is accomplished within the channel processors 228). Thebaseband signals are now carrier modulated high speed baseband datasignals offset from zero hertz. The amount of offset is controlled bythe programming of the DUCs 302. The modulated baseband signals arecommunicated on a high speed backplane interconnect 304 to signalselectors 306. The signal selectors are operable to select sub-groups ofthe modulated baseband signals. The selected sub-groups arecommunication channels which are to be transmitted within a particularsector of the communication system. The selected sub-group of modulatedbaseband signals are then communicated to digital summers 308 andsummed. The summed signals, still at high speed, are then communicated,via backplane interconnect 1130 to digital-to-analog converters (DACs)310 and are converted to IF analog signals. These IF analog signals arethen up converted by up converters 314 to RF signals, amplified byamplifiers 418 (FIG. 4) and radiated from antennas 420 (FIG. 4).

In the preferred embodiment, to once again provide enhanced systemreliability, a plurality of DACs 310 are provided with groups 311 ofthree DACs being arranged on RF shelves, one DAC associated with ashelf. The groups of DACs 311 convert three summed signals, received onseparate signal busses 313 of backplane interconnect 1130, to analogsignals. This provides for increased dynamic range over what could beachieved with a single DAC. This arrangement further provides redundancysince if any of the DACs fail, there are others available. The result ismerely a decrease in system capacity and not a loss of an entire sectoror cell. The outputs of a group of DACs 311 receiving signals for asector of the communication system are then analog summed in summers312, with the summed analog signal being communicated to up converters314.

Similar to the receiver 200, the transmitter 301 is also arranged with aplurality of transmitter banks (two shown as 330 and 330'). Thetransmitter banks 330 and 330' include all of the equipment for thetransmitter 301 between the channel processors 228 and the amplifiers418. The output of the up converters 314, up converting summed analogsignals for a sector of the communication system, for each transmitterbank 330 and 330' are then summed in RF summers 316. The summed RFsignals are then communicated to amplifiers 418 and radiated on antennas420. If an entire transmitter bank 330 or 330' fails, the effect isstill only a loss of system capacity and not a loss of an entire portionof the communication system.

With reference to FIG. 13 a transmitter 330' in accordance with apreferred embodiment of the present invention is shown. Transmitter 330'represents a second embodiment used for the transmitter design of FIG.3. In the preferred embodiment, there is provided a plurality oftransmitter 330' each of which includes an up converter/modulator 1340which receives downlink baseband signals from busses 300 and 300' andcontrol signals from control bus 224 via formater circuits 1341. Theoutput of the up converter/modulator 1340 is then communicated toselector 306. In the preferred embodiment, selector 306 can take theform of banks of dual-input AND gates, one input of which is connectedto one bit of the data word (i.e. the modulated baseband signal). Withthe control line held high (logical 1), the outputs will follow thetransitions of the inputs. The output of selector 306 is thencommunicated to a digital summer bank 1308, which adds data fromprevious digital summers associated with other transmitters 330' ontoone of a plurality of signal paths 313. Each signal path, as indicated,is associated with a sector of the communication system and communicatesthe summed signals to either another transmitter 330' or to DAC groups311. If selector 306 is open, the output of selector 306 is zeros, andas an input to summer 1308 leaves the incoming signal unchanged. Itshould also be understood that scaling may be required on the input, theoutput or both of summers 1308 for scaling the summed digital signalwithin the dynamic range of the summers 1308. In this manner, theoutputs of the transmitters, representing signals destined forparticular sectors of the communication system can be summed into asingle signal for conversion to an analog signal. Or, as is accomplishedin the preferred embodiment, may be further collected in sets andconverted to analog signals by multiple DACs for enhancing the dynamicrange and providing redundancy.

With reference to FIG. 14, an up converter 1400 for I,Q modulation inaccordance with the present invention is shown. The up converter 1400includes first and second interpolation filters 1402 and 1404 (e.g.,finite impulse response (FIR) filters) for interpolating the I,Qportions of the baseband signal, respectively. The interpolated I,Qportions of the baseband signal are up converted in mixers 1406 and1408, receiving input from numerically controlled oscillator 1410.Numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) 1410 receives as an input theproduct of the up conversion frequency, ω_(o), and the inverse samplerate, τ, which is a fixed phase increment dependent on the up conversionfrequency. This product is supplied to a phase accumulator 1412 withinNCO 1410. The output of phase accumulator 1412 is a sample phase, Φ,which is communicated to sine and cosine generators 1414 and 1416,respectively, for generating the up conversion signals. The up convertedI,Q portions of the baseband signal are then summed in summer 1418providing the modulated IF signal output of up converter 1400.

In FIG. 15, a modulator 1500 for R,Θ modulation, direct modulation ofthe phase, is shown. Modulator 1500 provides a simplified way ofgenerating FM over up converter 1400. The baseband signal iscommunicated to interpolation filter 1502 (e.g., and FIR filter) whichis then scaled by kτ in scaler 1504. The interpolated and scaledbaseband signal is then summed in summer 1506 with the fixed phaseincrement ω_(o) τ in a numerically controlled oscillator/modulator(NCOM) 1508. This sum is then communicated to a phase accumulator 1510which outputs a sample phase, Φ, which in turn is communicated to asinusoid generator 1512 for generating the modulated IF signal output ofmodulator 1500.

The devices shown in FIGS. 14 and 15 are suitable for use in upconverter/modulator 1340 of the present invention. However, the upconverter 1400 is not efficient with respect to generating FM, whilemodulator 1500 does not provide I,Q up conversion. In FIG. 16, apreferred up converter/modulator 1340 is shown which provides both I,Qup conversion and FM modulation. Interpolator/modulator 1340 providesI,Q up conversion for a single baseband signal or R,Θ modulation for twobaseband signals.

The I,Q portions of the baseband signal or two R,Θ signals are input toup converter/modulator 1340 at ports 1602 and 1604, respectively. Signalselectors 1606 and 1608 are provided and select between the I,Q or R,Θsignals based upon the mode of operation of up converter/modulator 1340.

With respect to processing of an I,Q signal, the I portion of the signalis communicated from selector 1606 to interpolation filter, (e.g., anFIR filter) 1610. The interpolated I signal is then communicated tomixer 1612 where it is up converted by a sinusoid from cosine generator1614. Cosine generator 1614 receives an input sample phase Φ from phaseaccumulator 1616. A selector 1618 is provided and selects a zero inputfor I,Q up conversion. The output of selector 1618 is scaled by kτ inscaler 1620 yielding a zero output which is added to ω_(o) τ in adder1622. This sum, which is ω_(o) τ in the I,Q up conversion case, is inputto phase accumulator 1616 to produce the sample phase output, Φ.

Processing of the Q portion of the signal is similar. The Q signal isselected by selector 1608 and communicated to interpolation filter(e.g., an FIR filter) 1626. The interpolated Q signal is thencommunicated to mixer 1628 where it is up converted by a sinusoid fromsine generator 1630. Sine generator 1630 receives an input from selector1632 which selects the sample phase, Φ, generated by phase accumulator1616 in the I,Q case. The up converted I,Q signals are then summed insummer 1634 as the up converted/modulated output of upconverter/modulator 1340 in the I,Q mode.

In R,Θ processing, the selectors 1606 and 1608 select two separate R,Θsignals. For R,Θ processing, up converter/modulator 340 is operable toprocess two R,Θ signals simultaneously. The first signal, R,Θ-1 isinterpolated and filtered in interpolation filter 1610. In the R,Θ case,selector 1618 selects the interpolated R,Θ-1 signal which is scaled bykτ in scaler 1620 and added to ω_(o) τ in adder 1622. The output ofadder 1622 is then communicated to phase accumulator 1616 which producesa sample phase, Φ which is input to cosine generator 1614. The output ofcosine generator 1614 is one of two modulated IF signal outputs of upconverter/modulator 1340 in R,Θ processing mode.

The second R,Θ signal, R,Θ-2, is selected by selector 1608 and iscommunicated to interpolation filter 1626. The interpolated R,Θ-2 signalis then communicated to scaler 1636 where it is scaled by kτ. The scaledsignal is then summed with ω_(o) τ in adder 1638. The output of adder1638 is input to phase accumulator 1640 which produces an output samplephase, Φ which is selected by selector 1632 and communicated to sinegenerator 1630. The output of sine generator 1630 is the second of twomodulated IF signal outputs of up converter/modulator 1340 in R,Θprocessing mode.

Having now described separately the receiver 200 and transmitter 301portions of transceiver 400, transceiver 400 will be described in moredetail with reference to FIG. 4. Transceiver 400 is structured in a pairof transceiver banks 402 and 404. Each bank is identical and includes aplurality of RF processing shelves 406. Each RF processing shelf 406houses a RF mixer 408 and an ADC 410 which are coupled to receive anddigitize a signal from antenna 412. RF processing shelf 406 furtherincludes three DACs 414, the outputs of which are summed by summer 416and communicated to RF up converter 418. The output of RF up converter417 is further communicated to an RF summer 419 for summing with acorresponding output from transceiver bank 404. The summed RF signal isthen communicated to amplifier 418 where it is amplified before beingradiated from antenna 420.

Received signals from ADC 410 are interconnected to a plurality ofdigital converter modules (DCMs) 426 via receive busses 428. Similarly,transmit signals are communicated from DCMs 426 to DACs 414 via transmitbusses 430. As will be appreciated, receive busses 428 and transmitbusses 430 are high speed data buses implemented into a backplanearchitecture within the RF frame 432. In the preferred embodiment,communication over the backplane is at approximately 60 MHz, however,the close physical relationship of the elements allows for such highspeed communication without significant errors in the high speed datasignal.

With reference to FIG. 11 a preferred embodiment of a DCM 426 isillustrated. DCM 426 includes a plurality of DDC application specificintegrated circuits (ASICs) 1102 and a plurality of DUC ASICs 1104 forproviding receive and transmit signal processing. Receive signals arecommunicated from antennas 412 via a receive backplane interconnect1108, backplane receiver 1106 and buffer/driver bank 1107 to DDC ASICs1102 over communication links 1110. In the preferred embodiment, DCM 426includes ten DDC ASICs 1102 each DDC ASIC 1102 having implementedtherein three individual DDCs, as described above. In the preferredembodiment, eight of the DDC ASICs 1102 provide communication channelfunctions while two of the DDC ASICs 1102 provide scanning functions.The outputs of DDC ASICs 1102 are communicated via links 1112 andbackplane formater 1114 and backplane drivers 1116 to the backplaneinterconnect 1118. From backplane interconnect 1118, receive signals arecommunicated to an interface media 450 (FIG. 4) for communication to aplurality of channel processors 448 arranged in groups in processorshelves 446.

In transmit mode, transmit signals are communicated from channelprocessors 448 over the interface media 450 and backplane interconnect1118 to the transmit backplane receivers 1120 to a plurality of DUCASICs 1104 via selector/formater 1124. Each of the DUC ASICs 1104contain four individual DUCs, the DUCs as described above, forprocessing four communication channels in R,Θ mode or two communicationchannels in I,Q mode. The outputs of DUC ASICs 1104 are communicated vialinks 1126 to transmit backplane drivers 1128 and backplane interconnect1130 for communication to the DACs 414.

It should be understood that suitable provision is made for providingclock signals to the elements of DCM 426 as generally indicated as 460.

With respect to the interface media 450 between the DCMs 426 and thechannel processors 448, this may be any suitable communication media.For example, interface media may be a microwave link, TDM span or fiberoptic link. Such an arrangement would allow for channel processors 448to be substantially remotely located with respect to the DCMs 426 andthe RF processing shelves 406. Hence, the channel processing functionscould be accomplished centrally, while the transceiver functions areaccomplished at a communication cell site. This arrangement simplifiesconstruction of communication cell sites as a substantial portion of thecommunication equipment can be remotely located from the actualcommunication cell site.

As shown in FIG. 4, transceiver 400 includes three DCMs 426, with acapability of twelve communication channels per DCM 426. Thisarrangement provides system reliability. Should a DCM 426 fail, thesystem loses only a portion of the available communication channels.Moreover, DCMs may be modified to provide multiple air interfacecapability. That is the DDCs and DUCs on the DCMs may be individuallyprogrammed for particular air interfaces. Hence, transceiver 400provides multiple air interface capability.

As appreciated from the foregoing, there are numerous advantages to thestructure of transceiver 400. With reference to FIG. 5 a receiver 500 oftransceiver 400 is shown which is very similar to the receiver 200 shownin FIG. 2. The plurality of DDCs 214 and the interconnecting TDM bus 226have been removed for clarity only, and it should be understood thatreceiver 500 includes these elements. Receiver 500 includes anadditional DDC 502 interconnected as before via a selector 504 to ADCs506 for receiving uplink digital signals from antennas 508/mixers 509and for communicating data signals to channel processors 510 via databus 514. During operation, it may be necessary for a channel processor510 to survey other antennas, antennas other than an antenna it ispresently processing a communication channel for, to determine if it iscommunicating over the best antenna in the communication cell. That is,if an antenna servicing another sector of the communication cellprovides better communication quality, the communication link should bereestablished on that antenna. To determine the availability of suchantennas providing better communication quality, the channel processorscans each sector of the communication cell. In the present invention,this is accomplished by having the channel processor 510 seize DDC 502and program it, via the control bus 512, to receive communications fromeach of the antennas in the communication cell. The informationreceived, for example received signal strength indications (RSSI) andthe like, are evaluated by channel processors 510 to determine if abetter antenna exists. The processing in DDC 502 is identical to theprocessing accomplished in DDCs 214, with the exception that DDC 502,under instruction of channel processor 510, receives signals from aplurality of the antennas in the communication cell as opposed to asingle antenna servicing an active communication channel.

FIG. 19 illustrates a method 1900-1926 of accomplishing this per-channelscanning feature. The method enters at bubble 1900 and proceeds to block1902 where a timer is set. The channel processor then checks if DDC 302is idle, 1904, i.e., not presently performing a scan for another channelprocessor, and if it is idle, checks to see if the control bus 312 isalso idle, 1906. If it is, the timer is stopped, 1908 and channelprocessor 310 seizes the control bus 312, 1909. If channel processor 310is unable to seize the control bus 312, 1912, then the method loops backto block 1902. If either the DDC 302 or the control bus 312 are notidle, then a time out check is made, 1910, if time out has not beenreached, the method loops back to check if the DDC has become available.If a time out has been reached, an error is reported, 1920, i.e.,channel processor 310 was unable to complete a desired scan.

If the control bus 312 is successfully seized, 1912, channel processorprograms DDC 302 for the scan function, 1914. If, however, DDC 302 hasbecome active 1916, the programming is aborted and an error is reported,1920. Otherwise, the DDC 302 accepts the programming and beginscollecting samples, 1918, from the various antennas 308. When all thesamples are collected, 1922, the DDC is programmed to an idle state,1924, and the method ends 1926.

Another feature of transceiver 400 is an ability to provide signaling toparticular sectors or to all sectors of a communication cell. Withreference once again to FIGS. 3 and 13, the outputs of upconverter/modulators 1340 are communicated to selectors 306 which areoperable to select outputs from the plurality of up converter/modulators1340 which are to be directed to a particular sector of thecommunication cell. As illustrated in FIG. 3, for a three sectorcommunication cell, three data paths 313 are provided corresponding tothe three sectors of the communication cell, and the function ofselectors 306 is to sum the output of up converters/modulators 1340 ontoone of these three data paths. In this manner, the downlink signals fromup converters/modulators 1340 are communicated to an appropriate sectorof the communication cell.

Selector 306, however, is further operable to apply the output of an upconverter/modulator 1340 to all of the signal paths 313. In this case,the downlink signals from the up converter/modulator 1340 iscommunicated to all sectors of the communication cell simultaneously.Hence, an omni like signaling channel, through simulcast, is created bydesignating an up converter/modulator as a signaling channel andprogramming selector 306 to communicate the downlink signals from thisup converter/modulator to all sectors of the communication cell.Moreover, it should be appreciated that signaling to particular sectorsmay be accomplished by reprogramming selector 306 to communicate thedownlink signals from a signaling up converter/modulator 1340 to one ormore sectors of the communication cell.

With reference to FIG. 6, a transceiver 600 is shown which, whilecontaining the functional elements described with respect to transceiver400, provides a different architectural arrangement. Transceiver 600advantageously provides uplink digital down conversion and correspondingdownlink digital up conversion within the channel processors. Thechannel processors are then interconnected to the RF hardware via a highspeed link.

In a receive mode, RF signals are received at antennas 602 (individuallynumber 1, 2, . . . , n) and are communicated to associated receive RFprocessing shelves 604. Each receive RF shelf 604 contains an RF downconverter 606 and an analog to digital converter 608. The outputs of thereceive RF shelves 604 are high speed digital data streams which arecommunicated via an uplink bus 610 to a plurality of channel processors612. The uplink bus 610 is a suitable high speed bus, such as a fiberoptic bus or the like. The channel processors 612 include a selector forselecting one of the antennas from which to receive a data stream and aDDC and other baseband processing components 613 for selecting andprocessing a data stream from one of the antennas to recover acommunication channel. The communication channel is then communicatedvia a suitable interconnect to the cellular network and PSTN.

In a transmit mode, downlink signals are received by the channelprocessors 612 from the cellular network and PSTN. The channelprocessors include up converter/modulators 615 for up converting andmodulating the downlink signals prior to communicating a downlink datastream to transmit RF processing shelves 614 over transmit bus 616. Inshould be understood that transmit bus 616 is also a suitable high speedbus. Transmit RF processing shelves 614 include the digital summers 618,DACs 620 and RF up converters 622 for processing the downlink datastreams into RF analog signals. The RF analog signals are thencommunicated via an analog transmit bus 624 to power amplifier 626 andantennas 628 where the RF analog signals are radiated.

With reference to FIG. 7, a transceiver 700 is shown which, while alsocontaining the functional elements described with respect to transceiver400, provides still another architectural arrangement. Transceiver 700is described for a single sector of a sectorized communication system.It should be appreciated that transceiver 700 is easily modified toservice a plurality of sectors.

In a receive mode, RF signals are received by antennas 702 andcommunicated to receive RF processing shelves 704. Receive RF processingshelves 704 each contain an RF down converter 703 and an ADC 705. Theoutput of receive RF processing shelves 704 is a high speed data streamwhich is communicated via high speed backplane 706 to a plurality ofDDCs 708. DDCs 708 operate as previously described to select the highspeed data streams and to down convert the data streams. The outputs ofDDCs 708 are low speed data streams which are communicated on busses 710and 712 to channel processors 714. Channel processors 714 operate aspreviously described to process a communication channel and tocommunicate the communication channel to the cellular network and PSTNvia a channel bus 716 and network interfaces 718. The DDCs 708 oftransceiver 700 may also be advantageously located on a channelprocessor shelf with an appropriate high speed backplane interconnect.

In a transmit mode, downlink signals are communicated from the cellularnetwork and PSTN via interfaces 718 and channel bus 716 to the channelprocessors 714. Channel processors 714 include DUCs and DACs for upconverting and digitizing the downlink signals to analog IF signals. Theanalog IF signals are communicated via coaxial cable interconnects 722,or other suitable interconnection media, to a transmit matrix 724 wherethe downlink signals are combined with other downlink analog IF signals.The combined analog IF signals are then communicated, via coaxialinterconnects 726, to RF up converters 728. RF up converters 728 convertthe IF signals to RF signals. The RF signals from up converters 728 areRF summed in summer 730 and are then communicated to power amplifiersand transmit antennas (not shown).

As will be appreciated from transceiver 700, the high speed dataprocessing, i.e., the digital up conversion, on the downlink signals isadvantageously accomplished within the channel processors 714. Apreferred embodiment of a channel processor 714 is shown in FIG. 18.Channel processor 714 is similar in most aspects to channel processor228 shown in FIG. 17 with like elements bearing like reference numeral.Channel processor 714 includes, in addition to these element, DUCs 1802are coupled to receive downlink signals from processors 1742, 1742'.DUCs 1802 up convert the downlink signals which are communicated to DACs1806 where the downlink signals are converted to analog IF signals. Theanalog IF signals are the communicated, via ports 1740, 1740', to thetransmit matrix 724.

With reference to FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 further arrangements forinterconnecting the elements of transceiver 400 are shown. To avoid theloss of an entire cell due to the failure of a single component, daisychain interconnection of components is avoided. As seen in FIG. 8, andfor example in the downlink arrangement, selectors 800 are provided inthe DCMs 802 prior to DUCs 804 and DAC 806. Direct data links 808 areprovided from DUCs 804 to selectors 800 from DCM 802 to DCM 802 andfinally to DAC 806. Bypass data links 810 are also provided tapping intodirect data links 808. In operation, if one or more DCMs 802 fails,selectors 800 are operable to activate the appropriate bypass data links810 to bypass the failed DCM 802 and to allow continued communication ofsignals to amplifier 812 and transmit antenna 814. It should beunderstood that the uplink elements can be similarly connected toprovide a fault tolerant receive portion of the transceiver.

FIG. 9 shows an alternate arrangement. In FIG. 9, channel processors 920are interconnected via a TDM bus 922 to DCMs 902. DCMs areinterconnected as described in FIG. 8, selectors 900 associated witheach DCM 902 are not shown, it being understood that selectors mayeasily be implemented directly in the DCMs 902. By pass links 924interconnecting the channel processors 920 directly to an associatedDCM, and into an additional selector (not shown) within DCMs 902. In theevent of the failure of a channel processor 920 bringing down TDM bus922 or a failure of TDM bus 922 itself, the selectors within the DCMs902 can activate the appropriate bypass link 924 to allow continuedcommunication of signals to DAC 906, amplifier 912 and transmit antenna914.

FIG. 10 shows still another alternate arrangement. Again, DCMs 1002 areinterconnected as described in FIG. 8. In FIG. 10 direct links 1030interconnect channel processors 820 in a daisy chain fashion, the outputof each channel processor 1020 being summed in summers 1032 and thencommunicated to DCMs 1002 on a TDM bus 1034. By pass links 1036 forminga second bus, are provided as are selectors 1038 in a fashion similar tothat shown for DCMs 802 in FIG. 8. In the event of a failure of any oneof the channel processors, the signals from the remaining channelprocessors 1020 can be routed around the failed channel processors inthe same manner as described for the DCMs 802, above to selector 1000,DAC, 1006, amplifier 1012 and antenna 1014.

The many advantages and features of the present invention will beappreciated from the foregoing description of several preferredembodiments. It should be understood, that many other embodiments,advantages and features fall within its fair scope as may be understoodfrom the subjoined claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A transmitter in a wireless communication system,the transmitter comprising:a numerically controlled oscillation andmodulation device; a digital switch in communication with thenumerically controlled oscillation and modulation device; a first summerresponsive to the digital switch; a second summer responsive to thedigital switch; a first upconverter responsive to the first summer, andhaving an output to a first sector of a base station; and a secondupconverter responsive to the second summer, and having an output to asecond sector of the base station.
 2. The transmitter of claim 1,wherein the digital switch has a first input responsive to thenumerically controlled oscillation and modulation device and a first andsecond output.
 3. The transmitter of claim 1, further comprising aplurality of antennas, each of the plurality of antennas responsive toat least one of the first and second summers.
 4. The transmitter ofclaim 1, wherein the numerically controlled oscillation and modulationdevice comprises a phase accumulator and a sinusoid generator responsiveto the phase accumulator.
 5. The transmitter of claim 4, wherein thenumerically controlled oscillation and modulation device furthercomprises a summer and the phase accumulator is responsive to thesummer.